Glossary



A

Access Control
Kernel level controls that govern access to system and  information resources. See Data Access  Control and Document Access Control.

Access Rules
The subscriber's organization defines the process controls that  provide the rules governing who can access which documents and perform  which processes. These rules are enforced at the Trusted Custodial  Utility™. These rules are also used by the
e Original™ application to determine which features are activated for a given  user.

Accreditation
Formal declaration by a recognized authority that a system is approved  to operate in a particular protected mode using a prescribed set of  safeguards.

Affirmative Act
Creating a digital signature requires the signer to provide his or her
eOriginal™ Token (private key) and to manually invoke a local software function.  This affirmative act, which can be the basis of a commitment, sets up  a transaction's completion.

API
See
Application Programming Interface.

Application Programming Interface
A set of calling conventions which define how a service is invoked  through a software package. The calls, subroutines, interrupts, and  returns that comprise a documented interface so that a higher-level  program such as an application can make use of the services of another  application, operating system, network operating system, driver, or  other lower-level software program.

Archive
The offline storage of electronic documents that can be retrieved for  later use.

Assurance
Measure of confidence that the security features and architecture of a  system accurately mediate and enforce the security policy.

Audit
Independent review and examination of records and activities to assess  the adequacy of system controls, to ensure compliance with established  policies and operational procedures, and to recommend necessary  changes in controls, policies, or procedures.

Audit Trail
Chronological record of system activities to enable the reconstruction  and examination of the sequence of events and/or changes in an event.

Authenticate
The Trusted Custodial Utility™ performs "third party"  independent verification that a document being received and stored is  the same document that was executed and transmitted by the originator.  In addition, it date-time stamps and affixes its own digital seal to  the electronic document. These actions evidence the placement of the  document under the control of the Trusted Custodial Utility™, which  thereafter acts on behalf of the document's owner as instructed by  the owner.

Authentication
The verification of the identity of a person or process.

Authentication Server (AS)
The Authentication Server contributes to a document's trail of  evidence and custody. Specifically the AS creates a record of the  instant when the Custodial Utility assumes control of a document on  the behalf of its owner. An AS ties together signer and document  authentication to corroborate the information's origin and the time  of origin. The Authentication Server performs the authentication  operation with great speed and accuracy.

Authentication servers perform the authentication function by  providing the following services. Refer to the definitions of the  following items for more information:
. * Signer  authentication
  * Document integrity check
  * Affix reliable date-time stamp
  * Apply TCU digital signature

Authenticity
Verification of the validity of both the source and content integrity  of a document.

Authorization
Access rights granted to a user, program, or process.

B

BES
Batch Entry System supports high volume document entry (30,000).

"Blue Ink" Signature
A person's signature written by hand with an ink stylus.

Bulk Transfer
The onetime process of transferring a set of information objects  (e.g., documents).

C

CA
See Certification Authority.

CDR
See
Certified Digital Receipt.

Certified Digital  Receipt
The
eOriginal™ provides the originator with a date and time annotated digitally  sealed receipt on receiving an authenticated electronic document. This  electronic receipt is evidence that the TCU received and accepted  responsibility for the submitted electronic document.

Certificate
Each new subscriber (user) using
eOriginal™ services is issued a certificate. The certificate is a means of  associating the subscriber's identity and rights on the system with  a public and private key pair. The certificate conforms to the ITU  X.509 version 3 international standard data structure. Certificates  are held in an accessible repository that is referred to as a  "directory;" (e.g., ITU X.500 Directory). Certificates  include the following critical information needed in the sealing and  verification processes:
  * An expiration date for the identification of the individual  who owns the certificate
  * Identification of the authority that issued the certificate
  * Public signature verification key

An independent Certificate Authority (CA) is responsible for  issuing all subscriber certificates. The CA insures that subscribers  are uniquely identified.

Certificate Revocation List (CRL)
Certification Authority-maintained list of compromised, revoked, or  superceded certificates. CRL is used during the digital signature  verification process to check validity of the certificate from which  the public verification key is extracted.

Certification
Comprehensive evaluation of a system's technical and non-technical  security features and other safeguards made in support of the  accreditation process to establish the extent to which a particular  design and implementation meets a set of specified security  requirements.

Certification  Authority (CA)
A CA is the issuing authority for subscriber certificates. CA's  maintain strict system control by allowing access only through the  certificate issuance process.
eOriginal™ services use a CA hierarchy that enables various security  organizations to exist independently under one ultimate CA  administrative authority. The CA hierarchy consists of two tiers. The  top tier is referred to as Tier One or the "Root CA." This  CA, which operates in an offline environment, is housed in a secure  closed-room environment and uses two-person integrity controls. Tier  One CA's are responsible for the security administration of the entire eOriginal™ industry solution and for creating Organization CA's. The Tier Two or  "Organization CA" is created when the Root CA issues an  Organization CA Certificate (subscriber registration). This  certificate enables the Organization CA to perform all the security  functions needed on the local level, including issuing, renewing,  updating and revoking subscriber certificates.

Certified Print™
TCU-certified printed paper copy of the original electronic document.  The document is printed with the TCU document custodian's  certification of the originator, version, parties and history of the  document.

Check Digit
The final digit of the 18-digit registration number.

Cipher Text
Encrypted information transformed from a plain text document or  message.

Client
A computer system or process that requests a service of another  computer system or process. A workstation requesting the contents of a  file from a file server is a client of the file server.

Client/Server Architecture
A network architecture in which each computer is either a client or a  server. Servers are powerful computers dedicated to managing shared  devices and information resources. Clients are local workstations on  which users run applications. Clients rely on servers for shared  resources (e.g., printers, files, databases, messaging).

Closed PKI System
An authentication framework where the identification and qualification  of all subscribers is in accordance with the agreed upon applicable  business rules, security policies and procedures.

Computer Cryptography
A general-purpose computer's use of a crypto algorithm program  stored in software or firmware to authenticate or encrypt and decrypt  data for storage or transmission.

Computer Security
Measures and controls that ensure the security and availability of the  information processed, stored, and transmitted by a computer.

Confidentiality
Assurance that information is not disclosed to unauthorized entities  or processes.

Configuration Control
The process of controlling modifications to a system's hardware,  firmware and software and documentation to ensure the system is  protected against improper modifications before, during and after  system implementation and fielding.

Configuration Management
The management of security features and assurances through control of  changes made to a system's hardware, software, firmware,  documentation, tests, test fixtures and test  documentation–-throughout the system's development and operational  life.

Content Integrity
The document has not been altered or impaired in any manner; i.e., a  single digital bit cannot be changed without detection.

Counter Measures
Actions, devices, procedures, techniques and other measures that  reduce the vulnerability of a system.

CRL
See
Certificate Revocation List.

Cryptographic Component
The hardware or firmware embodiment of the cryptographic logic. Note:  The cryptographic component might be a Token, modular assembly, a  printed wiring assembly, a microcircuit or a combination of these  items.

D

Data Access Control
The process of how an institution establishes and enforces access  rights to transaction data fields such as schedule information, status  transaction number and participant names.

Data Encryption
The changing of information into an unreadable form to prevent anyone  who does not have a decryption "key" from reading the  information. Data encryption is used to protect sensitive information  that travels over public channels such as the Internet.

Data Encryption Standard (DES)
U.S. Data Encryption Standard (DES), U.S. FIPS Pub 46-2 and ANSI  X3.92. DES is a symmetric encryption algorithm.

Data Integrity
The condition that exists when data is unchanged from its time of  creation and has not been accidentally or maliciously modified,  altered or destroyed.

Data Security
The process of protecting information from unauthorized use. An  example is the use of credit card numbers on the Internet to purchase  merchandise and services. Without data security measures in place,  unauthorized persons can access the information.

Deal Template
Selected set of document required to complete a specific type of deal  (e.g., for mortgages – 15 year conforming mortgage, 30 year  nonconforming mortgage, ARM).

Digital Seal
Attaching a digital signature to an electronic document or message.

Digital Signature
A nonforgeable piece of data asserting that a named person wrote or  otherwise agreed to the document to which the signature is attached.  In the
eOriginal™ system,  the document is hashed and the hash is encrypted using the  subscriber's secret signature (private) key. The result of this  computation is appended to the document, along with the signer's  certificate.

Digitized Signature
A human generated signature made by hand with a stylus and captured  with an electronic pad.

Directory
An LDAP-compliant directory service that contains the names of each  infrastructure component and each person enrolled with the
eOriginal™ system. The Directory also CRL lists.

Disaster Recovery
The documented process for protecting and restoring critical  information during emergency or disaster conditions, such as the loss  of a computer facility. Disaster recovery management involves many  functions, such as identifying critical and vital information;  determining recovery needs, developing backup solutions and  implementing the backup/recovery solution.

Disaster plans and procedures are designed, distributed, taught and  rehearsed to enable panic-free work processes in restoring service  with minimum effect to customers. Backup and restoration of the  platform systems offers users the ability to recover and restore files  if mistakes or disasters occur and objects are lost or corrupted.

System backups are performed nightly  and are transferred to a secure off-site location. All systems use  automated methods of backup, as well as for monitoring and notifying  support personnel to ensure the successful completion of backups.  Network configuration and capacities are designed to accommodate  service interruptions and restoration with minimal disruption to the  user. Backup services are scheduled based on each customer's  specific backup and archiving requirements. These services can be  scheduled 24 hours a day and can be executed while systems are  available to customers.

Some of the disaster recovery  protection functions that can be provided to customers are as follows:

Development of a weekly backup  solution for non-application data

Development of a weekly backup  solution for application data

Development of processes for cycling  backups from on-site to off-site and then back on-site

Testing for the recovery of  non-application data

Implementation of the disaster  recovery backup solutions

Document Access Control
The process that governs who has the authority to perform certain  actions to specified documents.

Document Authentication
Providing good evidence of the substance of the electronic transaction  by making it impracticable to falsify or alter—without  detection—the signed object or the signature.

E

EDI
Electronic data interchange, which is the transmission, in a standard  syntax, of unambiguous information of business or strategic  significance between computers of independent organizations.

Electronic Commerce
Buying, selling and communicating using electronic messaging systems  instead of paper based methods. Electronic commerce assures an  efficient flow of information, integrates the supply chain and  generally improves the business process.

Electronic Document
Electronic representation (bits and bytes) of a paper document encoded  in some machine processable form (ASCII, MS Word, PCL, PostScript,  TIFF).

Electronic Messaging
The use of a group of computer services that use a network to send,  receive and combine messages, faxes and large data files. Examples are  electronic mail, enhanced fax and EDI.

Electronic Original™
Authentic electronic document, controlled by the
eOriginal™ TCU on behalf of the document's owner.

Electronic Signature
The use of digitization to capture a handwritten signature as an  electronic data object. This object cannot be used for authenticity,  integrity or nonrepudiation purposes.

eOriginal™ Inc.
A Delaware corporation formed on April 2, 1996, has developed and  markets a fully integrated transaction system that will revolutionize  the way bisiness is handled today, delivering to industry and  government the ability to implement true electronic commerce by  providing the only electronic original™— a legal alternative that  replaces a blue-ink signed paper original—even for negotiable  documents.

eOriginal™  Product
A process wrapped in technology. Electronic commerce is generally  achieved through an unwieldy combination of technologies,  applications, participants and processes. eOriginal™ is a system that ties together, integrates and manages  the myriad components of an electronic transaction.

Encryption Technology
The use of secret (symmetric) or public key (asymmetric) cryptography  to change information into unreadable and back to readable form to  prevent any but the intended recipient from reading that information.  See
Data Encryption.

End User (Subscribers & Participants)
Performs business-related actions using roadmaps defined by  transaction templates and allowed by users' predefined privileges.

G

General Public
Any customer who requests information. Through an automated voice  response unit, only selected information will be accessible. The  customer must provide required information to activate and release  requested information.

H

Hash
Also known as a message digest, the hash is an algorithmically  condensed digital representation of all the bits and bytes that  compose an electronic document. The document might have been created  using digital means or converted from paper by electronic scanning.

Hashing
The iterative process that computes a value (referred to as a hashword)  from a particular data unit in a manner in which, when a hashword is  protected, any manipulation of the data is detectable.

HTTP
Hypertext Transfer Protocol, a tool used to generate and search for  sources on the World Wide Web.

I

Identification and Authentication (I&A)
The party originating a digitally signed or encrypted document is  cryptographically identifiable as such.

Inquire
See
Query.

Integrity
The process that proves that a document has not been altered or  impaired in any manner; i.e., a single digital bit cannot be changed  without detection.

K

Key
Information (usually a sequence of random or pseudo-random bits) used  to initialize the cryptographic algorithms used for the purpose of  encrypting and decrypting or digitally signing and verifying  electronic documents or for producing other keys.

Key Validity Period
The length of time a key is valid. This date is conveyed in an  individual's authentication certificate. The
eOriginal™ system will not use a key once it has expired. The transparently  updates keys and certificates prior to their expiration.

L

LDAP
The Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) was originally  designed as a simple Internet client server protocol for accessing the  X.500 directory service. Since those early days LDAP has evolved to  become the Internet Standard way of accessing on-line directory  systems that follow the X.500 data model.

M

Message Authentication
The process of digitally signing a message provides proof of the  authenticity of the document or information object, with far greater  certainty and precision than paper signatures. Because the  verification process—comparing the digital representation (hash) of  the message or document made at signing with the one created during  the verification process—discloses whether the message is the same  as when signed, verification reveals any tampering with the message,  before storage in the TCU.

Message Digest
See
Hash.

MIME
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension is an Internet Standard for  formatting the body of a message so that it can transmit arbitrary  data, including multimedia.

N

Nonrepudiation
The process that prevents parties who digitally sign documents from  later disavowing their actions.

The process by which an institution creates electronic documents  used for the evidence and securing of debt and establishes a solid  trail of evidence to the borrower.

Nonrepudiation service is key to the services' concept because it  prevents a person from unilaterally modifying or terminating his or  her legal obligations arising from an electronic transaction.

O

Object
A passive entity that contains or receives information.

Note: Access to an object implies access to the information it  contains. Examples of objects are as follows: records, blocks, pages,  segments, files, directories, directory trees and programs, as well as  bits, bytes, words, fields, processors, video displays, keyboards,  clocks, printers and network nodes.

Offline Cryptosystem
A cryptosystem in which encryption and decryption are performed  independently of the transmission and reception functions.

Online Cryptosystem
A cryptosystem in which encryption and decryption are performed in  association with the transmitting and receiving functions.

Original Electronic Document
The TCU maintains the "original" electronic document so that  it is distinguishable from a copy.

Organization Administrator
Enrolls user and sets their privileges for business transactions.  Privileges control who can do what to which document. Creates  transaction templates.

Organization CA
The second tier (Tier Two) of the Certification Authority hierarchy.  This tier is created when the Root CA issues an Organization CA  Certificate (subscriber registration). This action enables the  Organization CA to perform all the security functions needed on the  local level, such as issuing, updating, renewing and revoking  subscriber certificates.

Organization Security Officer (OSO)
Each subscriber organization—for example, human resource officer in  a mortgage company or title agency—identifies an Organization  Security Officer (OSO). A Tier Two CA creates an organization account,  registers his or her OSO and activates his or her OSO Token. The OSO  is provided
e Original™ system security management training and tools. After this registration  and setup activity is completed, the organization OSO can perform the  local security functions required. CAs issue the OSO initialized  Tokens for each newly registered subscriber. The OSO has  responsibility for corroborating the subscriber's identity and  assisting them in activating their new Token.

Organizational ID or Org. ID
A sequentially assigned seven-digit number that identifies the  subscriber organization to the Trusted Custodial Utility
.  The seven digits of the Org. ID comprise the first seven digits of the  18-digit universal tracking number (UTN).

OSAR
Optical Storage and Retrieval.

P

Pad Signature
See Digitized Signature .

Participants
The individuals who provide documentation or information to a  subscriber to complete a business transaction. A participant does not  require a special workstation to complete his or her delivery  requirements, though he or she can use one. A participant might also  deliver documents and information through fax or scanning.  Participants are usually sponsored by a subscriber organization.

Passphrase
A secret string of words used to authenticate an individual's  identity during system logon that is transformed by a system security  component into a virtual password. Phrases are easier to remember than  long strings of characters.

Password
A secret character string used to authenticate an individual's  identity during system logon. Security check rules are normally  applied to ensure that a password cannot be easily guessed (e.g.,  upper/lower case change required, limited letter repeats).

PCCard
Alternate name for PCMCIA Card. See
Token.

PCL
See
Print Control Language File .

PCMCIA
Personal Computer Card Interface Association Standard. See
Token.

PCT (Private Communications Technology)
Developed by Microsoft, PCT uses Public-Key cryptography to encrypt a  private key that is then used to encrypt the client and server  session. Similar to SSL, except for key exchange and ability to  support multiple algorithms.

Penetration
Unauthorized act of bypassing the security mechanisms of an  information system.

Penetration Testing
Security testing in which evaluators attempt to circumvent the  security features of a system based on their understanding of the  system design and implementation.

PIN
Personal Identification Number is an alphanumeric string used for  application, workstation or server login.

PKC
See
Public Key Cryptography.

PKCS
RSA Data Security, Inc.'s Public-Key Cryptography Standard Series.

PKI
See
Public Key Infrastructure.

Print Control Language File
Electronic output from processing systems used by printers where the  output is redirected to a file.

Privacy
How an institution ensures that data and messages are routed in a way  that precludes access to or release of information to unauthorized  users.

Private Key
See
Public Key Cryptography.

Process Controls
eOriginal™ system rules that govern whom can access what Electronic Originals™  and when, that are held by the TCU.

Process Control Worksheet
A behind-the-scenes electronic "checklist" of meta  information, document lists and access requirements for each business  activity. Each transaction's worksheet is built dynamically based on  the subscriber's process control rules.

Public Key
See
Public Key Cryptography.

Public Key Cryptography
Public key cryptography schemes use a pair of "keys"—a  private key and a public key—that are associated with each  registered user on the system. The public key is made available for  use by anyone. Documents or electronic files that are encrypted using  the public key can only be read by the holder of the paired private  key. Conversely, documents that are signed using the user's private  key can be verified by anyone with access to the paired public key.  Public key cryptography is sometimes used for key exchange in  symmetric key encryption. The encrypt and decrypt functions of both  keys are truly "one-way," which means that no one can  determine the private key from the corresponding public key.

Public Key  Infrastructure
Name given the Certification Authority hierarchy responsible for  issuing authentication certificates and cryptographic materials used  in for signing and encryption electronic documents.

Q

Query
The ability to design a request for information, transmit the request,  receive data and select the desired response for viewing or printing.

R

Registration
The process of enrolling users and their organization.

Registration Authority (RA)
A local or remote entity that performs registration services on behalf  of a CA. The Registration Authority (RA) is responsible for the  accuracy of the information contained in a certificate request. The RA  is also expected tp perform user validation before issuing a  certificate request or a Token.

Repeatable Processes
Various functions performed repeatedly for all the business processes:
  * Registration
  * Process corrections
  * Document sealing
  * Document authentication
  * Inquiry

Root CA
The top tier (Tier One) of the Certification Authority hierarchy from  which all subordinate certificates authorities are created. This CA,  which operates in an offline environment, is housed in a secure closed  room environment and uses two-person integrity controls.

Revocation
Process by which CA invalidates previously issued certificates.

S

SCIF
Sensitive Compartmented Information Facility (SCIF).

Seal
The user applies a digital cryptographic signature to a document.  Sealing makes any modification to the document detectable.

Security Evaluation
Determination of the risk associated with the use of a given system  considering its vulnerabilities and perceived security threat.

Sequence Number
The 10-digit number assigned by the services' subscriber to uniquely  identify a transaction. The 10 digits of the sequence number comprise  the 8th through 17th digits of the 18-digit universal tracking number.

Serial Number
A unique identifier that distinguishes a user in the directory from  any other user.

Server
A powerful network computer that manages shared devices and  information resources. Economy and efficiency are gained by minimizing  component redundancy and promoting the appropriate sharing of  information.

SET (Secure Electronic Transaction)
Jointly Developed by MasterCard and Visa, SET is a method for secure  bankcard transactions across unsecure networks such as the Internet.

Sign/Seal
Using
eOriginal™ services, the signing and sealing process is performed electronically  within a security administration framework. Electronically stored  documents are protected against change by affixing an electronic stamp  that verifies the document's content and is virtually tamper-proof.

Signer Authentication
A digital signature resulting from use of the private key effectively  identifies the signer with the message. This identification is  evidenced when a public key (corresponding to the private key) is  bound with an identified signer within an X.509 formatted  authentication certificate. No person other than the proper signer can  forge the digital signature unless the subscriber loses control of the  private key and its associated PIN.

Signing Key Pair
Consists of a signing private key and a verification public key. The  private key can only be accessed by its owner. The public key is  included in corresponding verification public key certificate.

Smart Card
Credit Card sized Token that contains a serial data interface and  microprocessor. Lower performance and cost makes it preferable for  banking and credit applications.

S/MIME
See
MIME – The S/MIME (Secure/Multipurpose  Internet Mail Extensions) specification for enabling encrypted  messages to be exchanged between e-mail applications.

SQL
Standard Query Language (SQL) used to access databases.

SSL (Secure Socket Layer)
Developed by Netscape, SSL is an application independent Internet  protocol used to secure HTTP, FTP and Telnet. The SSL protocol  negotiates encryption keys and authenticates the server (and sometimes  the client) before data is exchanged.

Standard EDI Format
Accredited Standards Committee X12 standard.

Stranger-to-stranger
In the world of electronic commerce it is highly likely that persons  conducting business never meet face-to-face or through direct third  party introductions. They are therefore strangers who must rely on the  PKI to vouch for the legitimacy of the other party. This is only  possible in a "
Closed PKI System."  Members depend on the PKI's Certificate Authorities to create  nonforgeable X.509 certificates that accurately convey the identities  of all enrolled subscribers. Sufficient procedures are in place at the  Certificate Authority to ensure that subscribers are who they claim to  be. The exchange of these certificates and use of the corresponding  public key based digital signatures make stranger-to-stranger  transactions possible.

Subscriber
An employee of a member
eOriginal™ system organization who is an enrolled user of an eOriginal™ industry application. Subscribers access the services online from eOriginal™ compliant workstations.

Subscriber Profile
Specific information about a subscriber. The subscriber profile  indicates the subscriber's business process preferences, billing and  other information.

Symmetric Key Cryptography
The same key is used for encryption and decryption. Symmetric  algorithms are significantly faster than public key algorithm.

System Administrator
Enrolls organizations by issuing Org. IDs and manages the
eOriginal™ Application.

System Certification
Comprehensive evaluation of the technical and non-technical security  features of a system and other safeguards, made in support of the  accreditation process, to establish the extent to which a particular  design and implementation meets a set of specified security  requirements.

T

Tampering
Unauthorized modification that alters the proper functioning of the  cryptography, security enforcement or information system in a manner  that degrades the security protections it provides.

TCU
See
Trusted Custodial Utility™.

TIFF
Tagged Image File Format was designed to facilitate the exchange of  raster image information.

Thin-Client
Workstation client application software designed to be especially  small so that the bulk of the data processing occurs on the server.

Thick-Client
Workstation client application software designed such that the bulk of  the data processing is done at the workstation.

Third-Party Vendors
Companies that are not subscribers or participants but whose services  are used in the transaction process. Examples in the mortgage industry  are appraisers, attorneys, contractors and inspectors.

Threat
Existence of the potential and willingness of an adversary to cause  harm to a system or information.

Tier One CA
See
Root CA.

Time-Stamp
Digitally signed notation indicating the exact date and time a  digitally sealed document was received at the TCU.

Token
Within the context of
eOriginal™ services, the Token is a tamper-proof, metal-encased Personal Computer  Memory Card International Association (PCMCIA) card containing  microprocessor chips and memory modules. All protection within the  service begins with the Token, which is capable of storing and using  the signature and hash algorithms, the subscriber's private  encryption key, and the subscriber's certificate information. The  Token uses these capabilities to interact with PC-based security  software and perform the security functions described in the service.

Trail-Of-Evidence
Irrefutable proof tracing all transactions, including all document  revisions and transfers of ownership.

Trail-Of-Custody
Irrefutable proof tracing all transfers of ownership, including both  the document (e.g., promissory note), instruments of transfer  (assignment document) and audit trail.

Transaction Template
Defined set of documents required to complete a specific business  transaction (e.g. 30 year fixed rate mortgage).

Trusted
A "system" that employs sufficient safeguards and integrity  measures to allow for its use in the processing and storage of high  value transactions.

Trustworthiness
Quantification of level of practices and procedures employed by the  PKI that assure correct performance of the responsibility to only  issue certificates to the intended recipients.

Trusted Custodial Utility™ (TCU)
Performs the storage, custodial, registry, transfer and disaster  recovery functions for the benefit of the owner of the electronic  documents.

Trusted Distribution
Method for distributing hardware, software and firmware, both  originals and updates, that provides protection against modification  during delivery.

U

Update
A change to information outside of a previously defined business  process. Examples are corrections and updates to previously null  fields.

Universal Tracking Number (UTN)
Unique number assigned by a subscriber organization to a business  transaction. Users use this number to set up or select a transaction.  The UTN is the organization identifier and serial number assigned by  the organization.

V

Validation
A process of applying specialized security tests and evaluation  procedures and tools needed to establish acceptance for joint usage of  a system by one or more departments, agencies or organizations.

Verification
The process of comparing two levels of a system specification for  proper correspondence, such as information protection policy model  with top-level specification, top-level specification with source code  or source code with object code.

Verify
See
Verification.

Vulnerability
Existence in a system of an exploitable weakness. When both threat and  vulnerability align, then the system is at risk. All that is required  is that the perpetrator have the skill, knowledge, access and  motivation (espionage, sabotage or fraud).

X

X12 Format
A predefined EDI layout at a transaction-set level. This layout is the  recommended format for batch entry to the Trusted Custodial Utility™.

X.509v3
International standard for certificate definition (data layout).  Currently on version 3.
 

 

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